![]() Assistance dogs represent a more recently-developed working dog role ( 26). Research suggests that these dogs are effective not only as mobility aids, but may also provide psychosocial benefits to their partners ( 15– 25). ![]() The primary purpose of an assistance dog is to perform tasks for an individual with a disability that ultimately allows that person to achieve greater independence. Thus, in this review, we focus on working dogs employed in three of the most common applications: assistance, protection, and detection dogs. Although dogs working in each of these areas provide important benefits to humans, a comprehensive review of the many roles that working dogs fulfill is beyond the scope of the current paper. Dogs have played critical roles in hunting and agriculture, transportation, public health, and environmental protection. The roles that working dogs perform, now and throughout history, have been extremely diverse. Within this patchwork of human-dog interconnectedness, working dogs represent a small subset of the dog population, but one that can have profound effects on human health and well-being. On the other end of the spectrum, pet dogs are welcomed into our homes ( 5) and beds ( 6), valued for their companionship, and can evoke emotional reactions analogous to those in the parent-child bond ( 7– 9). On one end of the spectrum, free-ranging dogs live largely on the outskirts of society, interacting minimally with humans other than to scavenge for food ( 4). Since their domestication more than 10,000 years ago ( 1– 3), the nature of dogs' interactions with people has taken many forms. We summarize key findings from the empirical literature regarding best practices for assessing, selecting, and improving working dogs, and conclude with future steps and recommendations for working dog organizations, breeders, trainers, and researchers. In this paper, we review two main approaches for achieving this goal: (1) developing selection tests and criteria that can efficiently and effectively identify ideal candidates from the overall pool of candidate dogs, and (2) developing approaches to enhance performance, both at the individual and population level, via improvements in rearing, training, and breeding. Therefore, enhancing the selection process is critical for the effectiveness and efficiency of working dog programs and has the potential to optimize how resources are invested in these programs, increase the number of available working dogs, and improve working dog welfare. However, success in these roles, which requires dogs to meet challenging behavioral criteria and to undergo extensive training, is far from guaranteed. And, finally, that knocking might happen with left-handed tools.Dogs perform a variety of integral roles in our society, engaging in work ranging from assistance (e.g., service dogs, guide dogs) and therapy to detection (e.g., search-and-rescue dogs, explosive detection dogs) and protection (e.g., military and law enforcement dogs). Not everywhere caught on equally quickly-a few years later, TIME ran a story about the persistence of the stigma in Japan-but barriers were being knocked down. He stocks left-handed versions of most types of kitchen hardware, irons, and also carries artists’ palettes, dressmakers’ scissors, surgeons’ knives, pruning shears and cricket bats. When he asked for a left-handed can opener, for instance, he was asked if he wanted a left-handed can as well. Doing market research, Gruby found that shop clerks treated his inquiries with some Dark Ages-style rudeness. Its director, William Gruby, 39, opened his store late last year after giving a dinner party at which he and his wife found that their four guests were all left-handed and all perfectly willing to complain bitterly about the nuisances of life in a right-handed world. One of the most interesting-run by a righthander, surprisingly-is Anything Left-Handed, Ltd. And jump they did:Ī few shops now cater to left-handers who either cannot or will not adjust to a right-handed world. ![]() ![]() That situation meant there was an untapped market for leftie goods, just waiting for a smart business owner to jump. At the time, lefties had few options in terms of the everyday items that depend on handedness from sports equipment to kitchen items, most things designed to be held were only optimized for one direction. It was just a matter of simple economics. One possible reason that aura of suspicion may have changed, TIME suggested, was a lot less complicated than anything having to do with evil spirits.
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